The American Idea

The notion of modernity is a concept that is employed to illustrate the state of being associated to modernism which, on the other hand, refers to a pattern of thought that confirms the influence of individuals to construct, enhance, and reform their environment. Further, the enlightenment project envisions the idea that new knowledge or understanding can be obtained which enables the clearness of perception.Hence, taken altogether, modernity in the context of the enlightenment considers the capacity of human beings to establish or reestablish their environment through the development of new wisdom and, more importantly, through the use of their reason or rationality. Jean Jacques Rousseau argued that the original state of man is one which is essentially free, or that freedom is originally humanity’s own. Moreover, he asserts that freedom has been lost but can yet be brought back through emancipation.In terms of modernity and the enlightenment, this emancipation can be taken b ack by using man’s rationality in order to clearly perceive what must be done so that individuals can reform their environment and, in the end, reclaim the freedom that they originally have. All these notions can be seen in Jose Marti’s Nuestra America specifically in the context of how he suggests that the Americans should act in order to reshape their environment and to eventually build a government that is uniquely their own and one that is devoid of foreign ideas and forms.There are quite several sharp notions in Nuestra America by Jose Marti, and all of these notions very well contribute to the revelation that with diversity comes the great possibility of acquiring an identity independent as it is from everything else outside. Although much of what is written verifies the idea that the creation of a government of the people surpasses that which is merely imitated, the role of the external elements can be argued as indispensable elements in the establishment of an identity.One of the central themes in Nuestra America is the idea of the formation of the government that is distinctive and proper to the Americans. Marti’s argument is grounded on the premise that a government that is shaped according to other nations or that which resembles or at least partly incorporates external elements from foreign nations will not be suitable for the people and for the entire nation. It can be observed that Marti firmly adheres to the principle of having an identity that is solidly based on what is natural to the people and to the rest of the country.What is natural supersedes those that are artificial. And what is essentially natural to America is ‘diversity’ in the truest sense of the word. Apparently, Marti makes it a point to bridge the issue with diversity to that of having a strong government structured according to the innate qualities of the American people. However, it fails to consider the fact that diversity also grants the sub stantial possibility of not actually unifying all the corners of the country into a single and identifiable sphere.What Marti does is to transcend this ‘diversity’ and patch all the different—albeit intrinsic—‘American’ elements into a unified concept that virtually quells, at least in theory, the force of other external factors. He does this at least in the sense of proposing an ‘ideological’ battle, one that treats ideas far superior than brute or physical force. Although Marti argues that bloodshed is inevitable, he also suggests that the ideas of man will have to take the core of the movement towards the establishment of an independent and unique government and that these ideas should come from the American people themselves and not from anybody else.In the opening parts of Marti’s work, it can be noted that he argues that men must unify themselves from the various ranks against the ‘seven-league giant’ thr ough the force of their ideas since ideas cannot be physically destroyed. While it is remains feasible that ideas cannot be destroyed in the physical sense and that while they can significantly proliferate and claim the victory of an entire nation, the role of sheer physical force in propelling such ideas towards certain goals cannot be denied.It should be noted that ideas have to be juxtaposed with physical and actual attempts of progressing towards a certain goal which, specifically in the context of Marti’s Nuestra America, is the creation of an American government in the strictest sense. By remaining as mere ideas contextualized solely on that rational or thinking part of human existence, ideas can hardly be a revolutionizing tool in altering the undesirable elements within the society.In another sense, there should be the ‘correspondence’ between such ideas and their physical or actual manifestation (Glennon and Johnson 2006). The absence of such a correspon dence may very well inhibit the ideas from ever reaching the desired outcomes, for what good is a prolific idea that is short of touching the actual existence of social problems and the reality of the clamoring for a physical government? Will ideas alone revolutionize a whole nation without even concretizing these ideas? Apparently, the answer to these questions is a resounding skepticism.History, at the least, tells one that most, if not all, of the changes or alterations in the society have, in one way or another, physical and actual movements which are strongly fastened to certain beliefs and ideologies (Merrill 1948). For instance, the American Revolution is considered to be founded on political and social ideologies that greatly contribute to the social movement during those times where the metaphorical ammunitions for artilleries are ideas that define what is being aimed at (Nelson 1965).Wars in Latin America are likewise strongly founded on the correspondence between ideologi es and the actual manifestation or enacting of these ideas (Thies 2005). Nevertheless, Marti also recognizes the notion that bloodshed is a strong coefficient of his proposed ideas of the unification of the American people and the establishment of a government solely their own and from their own.Marti strengthens to solidify his claim by suggesting that those who would seek the governance of America must focus on and attempt at identifying the reality of the nation and of the people—of the existing diversity that direly needs unification—in order to fulfill the idea that the spirit of the government is indeed the spirit that is truly derived from America and not from any other (Saldivar 1998).Hence, for those people seeking to identify what is being suggested to be identified must necessarily have the keen perception to not only feel what is real but to notice and extract the solutions for the reality of the social problems or, at least, of what is intended to be addre ssed. Otherwise, those who seek to eliminate the external or foreign elements seeping into American thoughts will utterly fail for lack of the capacity to transcend the blurring of the mind and of critical thinking.Such an attempt to identify the reality of the nation and of the people reinforces the idea that the better and fitting individuals to achieve such feat are those who are accustomed to America—and there can be no better person who does not only know much of America but acts and feels like America than the American. This goes to show that the foreigner cannot exactly feel the American reality, or that the foreign elements cannot entirely suffice to define the American experience although in some parts it may have something to do with it.Nevertheless, Marti’s Nuestra America clearly emphasizes the author’s strong attachment, at least in terms of the content of the literature, with the clamoring for a ‘pure’ American nation, a nation that is founded on American elements. Yet what is striking about Marti’s Nuestra America is the fact that it proposes for a unified government able to identify the reality of the nation, a unified government that is nonetheless rooted on a wide array of individuals or on a, roughly speaking, diversified society.It is indeed a widely held idea that the rest of America is diverse (Sullivan 1973), and that this entails the notion that a ‘unification’ of all the recognized and unrecognized sectors of the nations is a monumental task. While Marti champions his assertion that foreign ideas and forms have caused the delay in the rising of a logical structure of a government of America, he fails to note that the very diversity of America also has a role in such a delay.What he does in the article is to espouse the idea that such diversity can be committed towards the creation of a unique government and a unified people and to set aside or, at least, subtly put his hands off the lingering argument that this diversity may in fact be the one which will hinder the creation of an American government bereft of imported ideas and forms.Although native forces—‘forces’ not to be limited in the military sense—can keep at bay impending external or foreign forces from entering the layer that separates what is pure from what is alien, these same internal forces have a connection with the external forces in one way or another. Part of the evidence to this can be rooted from the argument that there is no such thing as a pure race that is distinct from the rest of the races since all of mankind emerged from a single ancestry otherwise known as Homo sapiens (McBrearty 1990).With the idea that all of humanity came from a single line of ancestry, by definition there can be no such thing as ‘race’ and that the demarcation between the American race and the ‘other’ races is dissolved. Technically, it may be true that mankind belongs to the same ancestry. Practically, there are staggering realities that ultimately create a wide space between socially constructed ‘races’ or equivalents thereof.Hence, although Jose Marti actually claims that there is no such thing as hatred for the other races because there are no races, he actually argues in Nuestra America that the people should consider the past, family and ancestral roots of the Americans and do away with what can be termed as ‘colonial inheritance’ for it entails things that are corrupt and defunct. By criticizing the ‘Parisians’ or ‘Madrileà ±os’, Marti actually draws the line between what is American from what is not.And in doing so, it cannot be avoided that Nuestra America in essence may contribute to the enlargement of the space that divides America from the imported ideas and forms and, thus, the treatment of these foreign entities as ‘others’. Marti’s work also appears to signify that America is indeed its own, and that what belongs to others is theirs as well which brings us back to what Marti’s work purports to address yet fails to meet—that there is no hatred among races because there is no such thing as ‘race’.Ironically, while Nuestra America echoes the clamoring for a unique government that is purely American by vanquishing the foreign or imported ideas that are imbibed into the society, it also establishes the idea of separating what is American from what is not if indeed a separation can ever be achieved at all, if not physically, at least ideologically. The fact that America and its people are diverse is a compelling reason to push the idea that the rest of America can hardly a government molded into a single, unified entity where opposition is inexistent or kept at a manageable level.Moreover, cultural relativism proclaims the idea that several values such as ethical values of rightness or wrongness may actually vary from culture to culture, and that cultural supremacy or the superiority of one culture from the other relatively varies as well on certain cultural perspectives (Schmidt 1955). From this, one can observe that Marti’s article conveys the idea that, by excluding anything that is foreign to the system of ideas of the American population, the American ideals are preferred over the foreign ones.Although there is no explicit mentioning that American ideals are far off better than imported ideas, by embracing American ideas in the formation of a unique government one actually albeit subliminally pursues the underlying assumption that what is native is more preferred since it applies better and fitting to the contextual nature of America and, therefore, is superior over the rest at least when put into the context of the formation of a unique government.Interestingly, cultural relativism tells us otherwise. The American attempt to furnish for themselves a unique government exclud es the assumption that imported ideas may also serve a contributive purpose in meeting such an end in replacement for defunct native ideas.While Nuestra America purports to assert for an American identity through its government and purely American ideas while straining foreign elements away from such a glaring feat, it also substantiates on the thesis of using the American diversity as a means towards unifying the whole, condensing them altogether into a single native label called ‘America’ without discussing much about the weakening force such a diversity may take with it.Nevertheless, Jose Marti nails the crucial point in his work—the great significance of ideas in the advancement of an American identity—by taking consideration the role of ideas in revolutionizing a nation flustered with unfamiliar or imported ideas. While it may be the case that ideas without corresponding actions are like vehicles without wheels, it certainly is the case that actions w ithout ideas are like violent storms which display their destructive might while leaving debris and rubbish after the winds and heavy rains abate.

Teaching log example

Education Level of Participants: N/A Type of Education Activity (1 ambulatory, group, meeting): Observation and participation in evaluative process for residents in Family Medicine. Positive Aspects of Session: – Used a consensus approach to decision making and evaluation. – Input of all who have supervised for a more fair and objective evaluation. – Well run, and timely meeting. Difficulties of Session: – Limited context for evaluation (ex. in some instances, individuals had only been observed by anyone around the table 1 time). Despite this, most evaluators agreed regarding resident's clinical attributes and deficiencies. – One sided Reflection and Interpretation of Session: I found myself very surprised by this session. It was unsettling for me to discuss learners in this way even with an understanding that it is necessary to evaluate. Issues regarding personal issues were brought forth in some instances to explain a resident's behavior.It was ed ucational to me in that I learned that the resident's â€Å"supervisor† (or faculty dvisor), is the person who after these meetings is responsible to then deliver the message ot the â€Å"teacher's group† to the resident in the torm ot teedback. I a normally a part of this process, but only on paper. I am given an evaluation form to fill out on individual practice of each of the residents on my team. There is a Likert scale with points related to professionalism, collaboration and respect.This session has really made me think more about the way in which I am filling out the evaluation ools I am asked to fill out on a monthly basis, as I now understand better how they utilized. Being present was a very new and intimidating experience for me, as I was asked for my input at this meeting. Consideration of Future Strategies for Managing Similar Sessions (Analysis): Strategies I might use in similar sessions would include pre-learning. Asking questions of the Resident Educat ion director to be better prepared for what to expect and how I might better participate.

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Sure, he liked eating food, and he liked trying new experiences but this experience had not been on his to-do list. Castle had heard about this facet of human life, he knew about sex, he knew about procreation, but pleasuring one's self had never seemed very practical. There were a lot of human things that Castle found he didn't like, even though he thought he would Like†¦ So he was pleasantly surprised when he realized he had been wrong about masturbation all along.The way his body felt as he slid his hand up and down his hardened coco, the way his heart beat quickened with each pump of his wrist, and how he could not keep the soft moans and whimpers from escaping his throat. The closer he came to orgasm, the more his body tightened and coiled; he would dig divots into the mattress with his toes as they curled, and a bead of sweat would trickle down his ribcage as he pumped his wrist faster. His breath would come in quick, short gasps, and his eyes would flutter desperately as he brought himself closer to climax.Sometimes, he liked to power through the experience, making himself come quickly†¦ And then there were other times when he would rub his hands all over his body, pretending they were Dean's, moaning and begging please for release, teasing the sensitive head until a bead of pearly white would appear on his palm. Heat would pool in his stomach and then the overwhelming desire to pump his hips would drive him close to the edge of the bed, as finally release came, and he made a sticky mess on his hands and stomach. He tried to be quiet, but he was never good at silencing himself.He had no idea that Dean was listening on the other side of the door. Mouse-+ steps can you write saturation? 😀 *fans self*: Being human came with Its†¦ Deliquesces. Castle had heard about this facet of human life, he knew about sex, he knew about lot of human things that Castle found he didn't like, even though he thought he would like†¦ So he was pleas antly surprised when he realized he had been wrong He had no idea that Dean was listening on the other side of the door. Mouse ?+ steps can you write saturation? 😀 *fans self*: He had no idea that Dean was listening on the other side of the door.

Employee Reaction Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Employee Reaction - Assignment Example The level of innovation comes into focus in this case. The more innovative an employee is at the workplace, the greater the chance that he or she will be a valuable asset to the organization. In this case, the compensation for such an individual will be high. This is for the purpose of maintaining them. This is especially bearing in mind that other organizations may be looking for such individuals and offer them even greater pay packages (WorldAtWork, 2007). The requirements of the job ought to be clearly highlighted. This is especially in the case of the employees. For this reason, the employees will apply for job positions while knowing what is in store especially in the case of their compensation. At times there is the issue of signing up for a job without the knowledge of what the implications of the job are. 5. Is it relevant for employees to state the amount of compensation they would like? To a greater extent it would be relevant. This is because it is the employees who know how much work they have to do and what is in store in the course of their duties. However, in most cases, the quoted figure would be high. For this reason, the management ought to negotiate with the employees on matters to do with compensation until a valid figure is reached (WorldAtWork,

Work within a Legal and Ethical Framework Assignment

Work within a Legal and Ethical Framework - Assignment Example She is telling Scott that when she last had her hair done, Eleni’s mother had told her that all was not well between her and Eleni’s father, and that a possible separation was being discussed. 1.Is this ethical behaviour? Which Code of Ethics guidelines would assist you in ?this decision and how? 5 marks ?2.What will you do in the short-term? What would be your longer term team ?strategy? 5 marks What is going on now is not ethical behaviour. Usually, most basic Codes of Ethics focus on human dignity and the respect for human dignity. Belinda talking about what Eleni had told her about possibly splitting up from Scott (the father)—was not only unethical, but even moreso if it occurred in front of the children. Even if these comments by Belinda were not made in front of the children, such behaviour still shows a great lack of respect on the part of Belinda for discussing a personal matter between the parents in front of other parties. In the short-term, it would b e advisable to let Belinda know that it is not acceptable behaviour to discuss such a topic without Eleni’s knowledge. Belinda should be alerted that this is unethical behavior. As a longer-term strategy, Belinda should be alerted also to the fact that the relationship between Eleni and Scott is delicate and that it is really none of her business to discuss the couple’s private business, especially if children are present. That is really none of Belinda’s business and someone should definitely let her know her place. She could severely damage the relationship between Scott and Eleni by spreading such malicious gossip. It is against several different codes of ethics to slander people in such a manner. In this way, Belinda should be warned that this is not ethical behaviour—at any rate—and that it should be stopped immediately or told that she will face charges of ethics violations. Task 2: Work within the roles and responsibilities of a childcare ?w orker (10 marks) The room leader is going on holidays and Nikki has asked you to be responsible for the ?children’s program whilst she is away. The room leader will be absent for a month. 1 How does this request fit within your job description as an untrained child carer? 5 marks 2. Based upon this, what would be your response to Nikki? What issues would you need to discuss and agree upon? 5 marks As an untrained child carer, being the children’s program room leader would not be a job that I could responsibly complete. Based upon this, my response to Nikki would be that I could not take on the role or responsibility that she has as room leader at the daycare center. The issues that would need to be discussed and agreed upon is how I could feasibly be the room leader. One way to possibly substitute for Nikki would be if I were to be supervised by someone who had the appropriate educational degree and/or experience comparable to that of someone who is a room leader at th e children’s daycare center. It is important that these issues be addressed because Nikki cannot simply go on vacation and leave the children hanging in the balance. She must make appropriate plans as to how the children will be cared for—and if she cannot make plans for who will supervise the children while they are being cared for, the facility should either be shut down for the month that she is gone—or she should effectively find someone else who can take over her position, either temporarily or permanently. This is her responsibility and she must make the appropriate arrangements or else close the school. The children are her first priority. In the event that she does not want to close the school, Nikki should make arrangements to hire a suitable replacement either on a temporary, contingency basis—

Entrepreneurship & Small Business Management Essay - 2

Entrepreneurship & Small Business Management - Essay Example I am hopeful that the company I would be working with would also be willing to fund my MBA for me. Thus in these two fruit-ful years I will not just be taking home a fat income but would also have completed by MBA. While pursuing my MBA , I would also be doing my cost savings. I am not keen on being head to mouth by the time I retire. I want to save up for investment later on in a business of mine. I will be saving 40 percent of my salary and it should be possible as I have no obligations at that moment. Thus at this rate in the next five years, I would have savings of above 2 Lakh dollars. I will invest this money in gold as the gold market is enjoying a huge boom these days and it is stipulated that the boom will continue for a while. By the time I graduate, I would expect my salary to have multiplied by atleast 2 folds. I would continue to keep a low-key lifestyle and would spend $60,000 per year only. The remaining amount will go in savings. I feel that all this compounded would give me more than 3 lakh dollars in the next two years. It is then when I will opt for an early retirement with the goal of getting into and starting my own business. By then I would have around 8 lakh dollars in s avings, gold and and other things. With the capital that I would have saved, I will start my own venture of a computer franchise company. The income through this company will increase by 40% every year and I would become a millionaire in just two years with net value of above 3 million in five years after

H Azeem company analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

H Azeem company analysis - Assignment Example Table of Contents Executive summary 0 Table of Contents 0 INTRODUCTION 1 CHOICE OF ORGANIZATION 2 Introduction of the organization 2 Choice Of Organization 3 BUSINESS BEHAVIOUR OF STAKEHOLDERS 5 Theories and frameworks in the small business management 5 Reasons of Small businesses to survive and prosper 7 Marketing Mix 9 ANALYSIS OF H AZEEM BUSINESS STRATEGY 11 Development of personal relationships 12 Flexible response to problems & challenges 12 Innovation 13 Low overheads 13 Niche markets 13 Marketing Mix 14 COMPARISON WITH COMPETITORS 15 Conclusions 16 Task B: Reflection on learning 16 References 17 INTRODUCTION There is a very famous German proverb stating that no one is rich or poor without helping himself to be in that position. That is one is to blame himself in what financial situation he may be. It is these kind of words that become a motivational factor for one person to start off of a small business and later on become an entrepreneur (Goel, Sanjay and Karri, Ranjan. 2006) . Some people start of their journey of becoming an entrepreneur by seeking a job which helps them to understand the ways a business is run and determine the factors that are crucial in the success of a business. Other may start up a business of their own and then learn from their mistakes. Many believe that small businesses may have some development issues but at the same time most of the people believe and it’s a proven fact that small business play a pivotal role in the development of the society and economy of a country (Aldrich, H.E., & Auster E.R. 1986). This report goes about in three steps. First, the introduction of H Azeem Jewelry, its basic information along with why was it chosen as an example. In the second step an analysis is carried out regarding the behavior of its stakeholders with respect to theoretical and practical ideas. Lastly, H Azeem is compared with its competitors and a reflection of where and why it stand at its current position is described. CHOICE OF ORGANIZATION Introduction of the organization H Azeem is a London based jewelry brand, It is managed by the designer, Hinna Azeem, herself and her aim is to introduce luxurious and stylish jewelry to the community at a cheap price. As they is a large Indian and Pakistani community nearby, who love to wear jewelry on every occasion, providing it on a cheap price gives her an advantage. Her luxurious and stylish designs give the business and brand an added value. H Azeem using both traditional and technological methods when it comes to marketing and sales, that is, jewelry can be bought through retailer shops and also through her e-store online. This also gives the business an extra advantages over its competitors. Another achievement of H Azeem is that it achieved a steady and stable positive growth within two years of business. This reflects the level of commitment and entrepreneurial skills of the management of H Azeem, the designer Hinna Azeem herself. H Azeem has been mention ed up in journals such a Vogue and has even displayed jewelry at the International Jewelry London 2012. This again shows how popular is this brand and how much is it loved by people. . Choice Of Organization We may come across many definitions of small business, some may relate it by the number of employees other may related it by how operations are

THE ROLE OF NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION(NGOs) IN THE FORMULATION OF Essay

THE ROLE OF NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION(NGOs) IN THE FORMULATION OF EFFECTIVE MARITIME POLICIES - Essay Example NGOs influence the formulation of maritime policy through the various roles they play in the society. The marine policy is the sector of private and public policies that looks into marine conservation and protection (Roe, 2013, p.411). In respect to the system, they are established in accordance with both national and international laws and regulation. Also, it requires consideration of maritime labor, ocean laws, policy, and managements as well as maritime security and defense. The Integrated Maritime Policy endeavors to provide a more logical approach to marine issues, which improves coordination between diverse policy areas (Roe, 2013, p. 413). First, the plan focuses on the issues that are not covered under one sector-based policy, for instance, blue growth that checks on economic growth in relation to various maritime sectors. Second, it deals with issues that need the coordination of dissimilar sectors and actors, for example, maritime knowledge and data. The other areas of concern include maritime spatial planning, integrated maritime surveillance and sea basin strategies. In exploring the roles and goals of NGOs towards the maritime policy formulation, this essay focuses on four NGOs. First, we have the Greenspace NGO. Secondly, the essay focuses on the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). The International Union For The Conservation Of Nature (IUCN) is the third NGO. Finally, the essay will explore the Green Reef NGO. These NGOs have their areas of specification in relation to International Maritime Organization (IMO) requirements. IMO fights for the conservation of the sea and ocean waters as well as the aquatic life in those waters (International Maritime Organization, 2011, p. 4). Greenspace NGO, established in the year 2003, operates mainly in the Americas’ territories in the United States (Douglas & James, 2015, p. 462). Greenspace, NCR, Inc. refers to a non-profit

Managing Information Technology Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing Information Technology - Case Study Example Unfortunately IBM started to face a plunging decrease in its profit margins around mid 1980s. Some of the concluded reasons by analysts are, Bureaucratic and slow-moving setup. Reluctance in revamping of old business strategies. Wrong assessment of business risks etc. According to study conducted by Drucker (1993), The fourth of the deadly business sins is slaughtering tomorrow's opportunity on the altar of yesterday. It is what derailed IBM. IBM's downfall was paradoxically caused by unique success: IBM's catching up, almost overnight, when Apple brought out the first PC in the mid-1970s. This feat actually contradicts everything everybody now says about the company's "stodginess" and its bureaucracy." But then when IBM had gained leadership in the new PC market, it subordinated this new and growing business to the old cash cow, the mainframe computer. This stage came after a career IBMer John Akers took over the charge of the company in the year 1985. In his tenure several downsizi ng attempts from the administration of the company came as a result. The statistics related to downsizing can be observed in Table 1. Table 1: The IBM Timeline from 1970 to 1994. YEARS PROGRESS AT IBM. 1970s IBM owns about 70% of the computer market share. ... Louis V. Gerstner an outsider took over the control of the company after him as per the IBM board’s decision. Despite various attempt at downsizing the company was still going in loss. It had become essential that further downsizing of employees be done in order to secure the income of the company. The Gerstner early years witnessed a mild rise in the income but the trend was not consistent. The same is evident in Figure 1. KEY POINTS AND ISSUES: An account of the issues and problems facing by the company can be evaluated by reviewing its establishment in the State of Indiana. During the year 1992 Indiana reduced the number of its employees about 30%. The declining states of the company’s economy made Michael W. Wiley (General Manager Operations for the state of Indiana) foresee another cut in the number of employees at the organization. This however was not affordable, as the threshold of downsizing was already achieved and loosing competent workforce would cause bigge r losses to the company. In 1993 John Frank, then operations manager for IBM’s Indiana offices came up with the idea of substituting the reduction of personnel with the downsizing of real estate holding of the company at the state of Indiana. He proposed the idea of furnishing employees with the technology so that they can work from home. The idea was termed as TELECOMMUTING. TELECOMMUTING The idea of Telecommuting was new to the firm. While every other country office of the IBM was reducing staff Indiana was trying their hands at a new technique. The executive Vice president for Indiana Operations was the first one to empty his office from the Bank One Tower in Indianapolis. General Manager Operations Frank

Gross Domestic Product and Living Standards Essay

Gross Domestic Product and Living Standards - Essay Example This paper is being carried out to evaluate and present three equivalent approaches in calculating the GDP: the value-added approach which looks at the production of firms; the income approach which determines where firms spend their revenues; and expenditures approach which assesses where households spent their income (How Do We Measure GDP 1). Though all these approaches come up with the same value for GDP, the most commonly used method is the expenditure approach. In this equation, consumption and investment represent the amount spent on final goods and services. Meanwhile, the export minus imports in the equation which is often referred to as net exports is a method of adjusting the expenditures on goods produced abroad (imports) and adding back in the products and services not consumed domestically (exports).  where private consumption represents most of households expenditures on food, housing, etc.; where government consumption represents the sum of governments spending on f inal goods and services such as salaries of the public servant, purchase of weapons for the military, etc.; where investment is defined as business investment in the economy, and net exports show the difference between gross exports and gross imports (Gross Domestic Product 2-8). GDP is one of the most popular measurements of wealth in a certain country. As discussed above, GDP measures the amount of production in a certain economy on an annual basis. Since the amount of production is an indication of how much input an economy has and how efficient its technology is in converting these input into final goods and services, it is also a potent indicator of the capacity and capability of an economy. A rise in real GDP indicates a rise in the overall production which also signals more efficiency in the economy in the utilization of its resources. Using another approach, the GDP is also an implication of the amount of wealth in the country as it sums up the expenditures of all the player s in the economy. Viewing it in another way, GDP is an indication of how much money each sector has in the economy to be able to purchase final goods and services. In short, GDP is an indicator of a country's purchasing power as GDP represents the sum of purchases all the economy players make in a year. GDP is therefore argued as one of the indicators of an economy's standard of living as an increase in GDP signifies more goods and services being produced and consumed (GDP and Living Standards 1).  GDP can also be used as an indicator of the problems that an economy faces at a certain time. As GDP is composed of the performances of actors in the economy, the equation is used to pinpoint a certain sector which is not performing efficiently. For example, a decrease in GDP is observed in a certain year. The cause of the contraction of the GDP can be traced in the equation by looking at the values recorded by different players.  

College vs. High School Essay Example for Free

College vs. High School Essay There is so much freedom and you must use your time wisely in order to succeed. When you get to the university you will find you meet all sorts of people from all over the place with so many different cultural backgrounds and religions and beliefs and opinions. You get exposed to new ideas and new experiences. The classes are very different too. If you live on campus, it will likely be your first time living away from home, which is a huge experience. And once you find your major, you will find your people. You will actually be going to school with people who want to be there. As opposed to high school where students have to be there and many can careless about the subjects. College is a completely new experience with many unique aspects that can change and help define ones life. Many people love college, and find it to be a new beginning. It is a new opportunity to define yourself as an individual. You can establish a new image, because everyone is looking to do the exact same thing. In college, its time to strap down and get to work. Theres really no room for error. Classes are spread out throughout the week, and you often have much down time. There is a lot of work and it is crammed into a short period. It is up to you to know when to eat lunch, and it is up to you when to study. It is also your decision to fill that time where you are not studying or doing work with productive things. High school is a period in which many new things happen. You now find yourself in a world full of raging hormones, honors classes, and new found freedoms. High school is routine in a way. You have your eight or so classes year round, and you know when you will be eating lunch. The same kids you went to elementary and middle school with probably are the same kids you went to high school with. Basically, high school is much regimented, and many people find themselves having the same friends for many years. Because of this, in turn once a reputation or image was established for you in high school, most likely that was going to stick with you for the rest of your time left. The work in high school is a piece of cake. Unless you are taking honors or AP courses, there is really no reason why someones GPA should drop below 2. 5. Classes in high school are small in size, usually between twenty and thirty students, and there is a one on one feeling with the teacher. It is a laid back atmosphere because everyone knows each other. Also in high school, many students find a way around the school part. Countless students slack off and dont apply themselves to their work or studies. Because of this, many students find themselves doing new extracurricular activities, and I think we all know what is meant by that. It is very easy in high school to fall into bad habits. High School is a perfect opportunity to go down the wrong path and find yourself in bad situations. In conclusion, even though high school is an important step in life, college is an even bigger step. They are similar in some ways but in others they are the same. High school prepares you for college. It is a time full of new experiences and lessons. College is a new chapter in life and you can basically start over. In a way, college is a mature version of high school. High school and college are what you make of it. To find the true similarities and differences, one must experience both for themselves.

The economic Miracle Essay Example for Free

The economic Miracle Essay I. The Economic Miracle A. Economic Growth Between 1945 and 1960 economic boom occurred nearly uninterrupted, GNP went increased 250% from 200 bill to 500. Unemployment and inflation remained low. Gov smpending which started during depression continued, public housing, schools, vets etc. Economic growth was at peak during early 50 during Korean war, military spending also peaked. Birth rate went up baby boom peaked during war in 1957. Increase 20% 150 to 179 million, caused economic expansion. Suburbs also expanded helped expand some sectors of economy. Privately owned cars doubled, new homes, housing industry. Economy grew 10x faster than population, but not evenly distributed. Americans had increased purchasing power and highest standard of living than any other civilization in world. B. The Rise of the Modern West West saw greatest changes as result of economic growth. Population, cities flourished, no longer appendage of east. By 60s parts of west were important cultural, industrial centers. West saw most of government spending, dams, powerstations military contracts to California and Texas. Automobiles caused increase in oil fields which made cities in Texas grow. States gov invested in state universities for research, made them among the best in the nation. Dry warm climate attracted people. Los Angeles had increase in new businesses, population increase 50 % from 1940 1960. C. Capital and Labor Labor unions increased so much that they were no longer intimidated by large corporations, leader made important concession to them, $80 week salary. AFL and Coingress of Industrial Organization merged under leadership of George Meany. Many Unions would gain so much power that they became corrupt, i. e. Teamster Union under David Beck, would be charged by gov. United Mine workers also had charges of corruption. II The Explosion of Science and Technology A. Medical Breakthroughs 20th century so more medical breakthroughs than any other, especially in antibacterial drugs. Antibiotics stemmed from Louis Pasteur and Jules Joubert in 1870s France, thenJ Joseph Lister who proved antiseptic solutions prevent infection in surgery. Then sulfa drugs in the 1930s used in France, Britain, and Germany against blood diseases. In 1928 Alexander Flemming accidentally found antibacterial props of penicillin. Oxford refined the potency of it but availability would not reach all of England till after WWII, mass production would start around 1948 around world. Vaccines against viruses also increased. Tenetanus vaccines Tuberculosis. Progress on viruses were slow except small pox. 1954 Jonas Salk introduced vaccine against polio, gov offered to public for free. By 60s vaccines had been virtually eliminated. Death rate in kid decline and average life expectancy increased to 71 years. B. Pesticides In 1939 Swiss chemist, Paul Muller discovered DDT, harmless to humans, toxic to insects. Americans learn about this in 1942 as soldiers were coming down with insect borne diseases like malaria and typhus. DDT became widely used first in Italy, people thought it was miracle chemical. Later on pacific islands where US was fighting Japs. Cases of malaria decline sharpley, it wasnt for a while that they realized it was toxic to humans and animals. C. Post war electronic Research Researchers in the 40s developed first commercially sound televison. RCA developed first color TV which became available in early 60s. IN 1948 Bell labs developed the transistor which would replace the vacuum tubes which were in most electronic devices. TVs, radios, avaiation equipment were all smaller. Also developed integrate circuitry which made it possible to combine diodes, resistors, transistors into microscopic device. Led to development of computer. D. Postwar Computer Technology First computer were meant for complex mathmatics like those used to break military codes. Then began use in commercial business area. The UNIVAC was able to handle numbers and letters and had tape storage, could do functions faster than predecessor. To gain publicity for computer outside census market, makers of UNIVAC predicted results of 1952 election for CBS. That night was first time that many Americans became aware of computers. Remington Rand could not market the UNIVAC but new company, IBM marketed successfully computer to US business and abroad. Invested heavily on research and development. E. Bomb, Rockets, and Missiles In 1952 US detonated fist Hydrogen bomb 1 year later soviets did same, H- bomb used fusion rather than fission, and were more destructive. Development of these bombs led to rocket development, to launch bomb with out use of airplane. US benefited from the emigration of many German scientists who helped develop rockets in Germany. Soviets and US struggled to build long range missiles that could cross continents, ICBMs. Fuel was a problem, they would eventually switch to solid rather than volatile liquid fuel. Miniature guidance systems also helped guid to more precise targets, and known as minutemen. They could travel several thousand miles. US also developed the Polaris submarine missile, which after launched turned on engines after it left water, it was first launched in 1960. F. The Space Program. American space program mainly developed to rival to soviet one. When news came that the Sputnick had been lauched in 1957, people and gov. were alarmed, thought of it as an American failure. Gov. started investing in scientific education in schools and more research in labs, US launched Explorer I in January. US attention then shifted to manner exploration and created NASA. First efforts was the Mercury project, sent Alan Shepard in 1961 into space, but this came months after Yuri Gagarin, a Russian who orbited the earth. In 1962 John Glenn woukd become first American to orbit earth. NASA would later develop Gemini program, 2 seater space craft. These programs were followed bu Apollo, program to land men on moon. After catastrophic setback in 1967, Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin were first men on moon in 1969. Last mission was in 1972 after which funding and enthusiasm dropped. Focus shifted from exploration to easy access into near space, out of this came the space shuttle, first launched in 1982. After explosion in 86 resumed in 88. Used to send satellites, telescope, service labs. Helped the aeronautic industry and led to developments in other technologies. II. People of Plenty A. The Consumer Culture Middle class during 1950s became more aware of consumer goods. This was due to consumer credit increasing 800%, because of credit cards, and easy payment plans. Products like TVS, dishwashers, garbage disposals, and dishwashers became more common. Automobiles were becoming more stylish. Consumer goods craze was fueled by advertising. Disney tv show, Mickey Mouse Club gained popularity and promoted success of Disney land. Disney used entertainment for marketing consumer goods. B. The Suburban Nation By 1960 1/3 of population lived in suburbs, as single family houses were becoming more affordable. William Levitt was most famous of the developers and had large scale construction in Long Island, homes sold for under $10gs. Americans placed higher value on family after war, when families were reunited. Homes outside of city were larger and cheaper more privacy, scurity space for goods and appliances. Suburbs were mostly white as most blacks could not afford the homes. Whites fled to escape integration. C. Suburban Family Professional men had division in work world and family life. Increased emphasis on family life reduced women role in work place, they were encouraged to stay at home with children by popular books. Despite this for many families to enjoy the goods they craved, a second income was necessary, causing working women to increase in post war years. 1960 1/3 of married women had jobs. D. The Birth of Television The television was a scientific breakthrough but became more of a cultural one. After WWII its growth was phenonmenal, 40 million set in us, more people had tvs than refrigerators. TV programming based on attraction of advertisers. Many shows were written and produced by the company itself. TV new replaced radio, newspapers and magazines as the major news source. Professional sports and college sports became very popular and largest businesses in the country. TV shows reinforced concept of Gender roles in family. Shows created idealized image for Americans. E. Organized Society and Its Detractors White collar workers out numbered blue collar workers. American reacted with hostility to large scale beuracracies. Many books were published by sociologists analyzing the role of men in society and how their thinking has changed F. The Beats and the Restless Culture of Youth A group of young poets and writers emerged known as the beats who criticized the conformity and sterility of American culture. Jack Kerouac most famous out of the movement wrote popular novel called, On the Road. Beats had ideas stemming from limitless possibilities, and decline of traditional values of thrift. Young Americans were being raised in a new type of culture to expect fulfilling lives. 1960s saw a major increase in juvenile delinquency. Adults were alarmed at how teenager were dressing more like the image of the delinquent teen, adopting hobbies in fast cars and more sexually active due to birth control. James Dean an actor portrayed this image in real life and in film, was an icon for many teenagers in America. G. Rock n Roll Elvis Presley became a symbol of youthful determination to push boarders of acceptance. Had rebellious style which imitated the biker look. Presleys music was derived from rhythm of black RB which appealed to young whites. Rock n roll also pulled from country music, gospel, and jazz. The rise of musicians like Pres;ey could have come from the publics lack of acceptance of black artists. But the 50s did see increase in balck musicians also, Temptations, Little Richard, BB King. Popularity of new music style came from change in radio and television programming. Radio Hired DJs for stations dedicated to music programming. TV shows, showcased the new music and spread its popularity, and made Dick Clark famous. Radio and tv encouraged record sales. Juke boxes, and 45s promoted rock n roll as well. Music promoters were caught in a scandal when new hit public that they would pay djs to play music. III The Other America A. On the Margins of the Affluent Society In 1962 Michael Harrington brought attention to poverty in America with his novel, The Other America. After expansion in post war years, 1/5 of Americans were below line of poverty, many million more just above. 80% who were poor experienced poverty intermittingly, included 1/2 elderly population, black, Hispanic natives were pooerest group. Many believed the general increase in prosperity would bring all people out of poverty, this was wrong. B. Rural Poverty Farmers were receiving less and less percentage of the national income. Though not all farmers were poor most had impovershied life style. All ethic groups, blacks, migrant Mexican workers, Asians, all suffered an subject to malnutrition and starvation. C. The Inner Cities As white gained wealth they moved to outer city. As cotton economy became mechanized blacks moved into inner city ghettoes. Not all were poor, but it was harder due to historical patterns of racial discrimination towards them. 3 million blacks move from rural south to industrial north b/w 1940 -60. Puerto Ricans and Mexican migrated heavily, Puerto Ricans mainly to new york, Mexicans to texas and California. Factory owners moved to places where labor was cheaper, making it hard for people to find jobs of unskilled labor. With inner city poverty came more juvenile delinquency. IV The Rise of the Civil Right Movement A. The Brown Decision and Massive Resistance. In 1954 in Supreme court made decision that segregated schools was unconstitutional, over turned the Plessy vs. Ferguson decision. The following years they set forth rules for implementing the decision. Southern members of congress came up with the manifesto in defiance to the supreme court decision. By 1957 only 684 of 3,000 school were in compliance. Eisenhower at first was reluctant to join the desegragation movement but when Central High School of Little Rock was in direct defiance of federal order, Eisenhower sent federal troops to keep peace. Even governor Orval Faubus neglected Eisenhowers decision. B. The Expanding Movement The Brown decision sparked challenges to other form of segregation. Rosa Parks in 1955 refused togive up her seat to a white person on a Montgomery bus. She was arrested but the incident inspire other blacks who started a boycott. The Boycott put economic pressure on bus companies and downtown stores as black would shop in their own neighborhoods. A 1957 supreme court decision made segregation in public transoort illegal. From the boycott emerged Dr. MLK who was a powerful orator and new leader of nonviolent movement against segregation. C. Causes of the Civil Right Movement. Millions of blacks fought in the war or worked in war factories. From this they gained a better knowledge of the world and their place in it. The urban black middle class also began to grow, as did enrollment in black universities and schools. They became more aware of the obstacle to their advancement from poverty and oppression. Television made blacks more aware of the life style they were excluded from and spread inspriration for protests. The cold war made whites realize that they could not be model nation if their was segregation. Blacks in north also had power in democratic votes which made politicians listen to their needs. Black labor unions also helped support for movement. V. Eisenhower Republicanism A. What was good for General Motors Eisenhowers administration was staffed with business leaders of the community. Many of which reconciled themselves to the New Deal. He appointed wealthy lawyers andbusiness exec. To his cabinet. Charles Wilson president of General Motors vauched for a sec. Of defense by saying what was good of the country was good for g. e. Eisenhower reduced federal spending and encouraged private enterprise. Discouraged programs of national health insurance. By end of his term had $1 billion in surplus. B. The Survival of Welfare System Eisenhower resisted efforts by right wingers to dismantle manypolicies of the new deal. He extended social securityto 10 million more people and unemployment compensation to 4 million more. Raised minimum wage to $1. Built 40,000 miles of highway. In 1956 election would beat Stevenson in another landslide, one year after heart attack. C. The Decline of McCarthyism Eisenhower admin. did little to discourage the anticommunist movement, but by 1954 it started to die down as senator Joseph McCarthy went into political demise. McCarthy would attack the arm services in a nationally televise investigation. The investigation flopped and made him look like a villan, senate would vote him out and would die 3 years later. VI. Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Cold War A. Dulles and Massive Retaliation Sec. Of Defense Dulles was against Trumans containment policy, he wanted to liberate communist countries. However had to cool his ideas to the presidents view. The massive retaliation policy was to repond to communist threats by relying on nuclear weapons. The reliance on atomic weapons would bring more bang to the buck as many advocates put it. B. France America and Vietnam In 1953 a treaty was signed to end hostilities, each country would withdraw troops 1. 5 miles from 38th parallel the original boarder of the 2 countries. A conference was to be held in Geneva to discuss how the two countries would be reunited but no agreement was reached. During the same time France was trying to restore authority in vietname which was taken during WWII by Japs. They were opposed by the Ho Chi Minh who wanted indpendance and thought US would help, however were nationalistic and communist. France was a major Cold War allie and US would stick with them. Ho was getting aid from soviets and Chinese. US was paying for French military operations. In 1954 12,000 troops were surrounded, despite Nixon and Dulles advice Eisenhower did not want to intervene yet. France agreed to settlement in Geneva conference. North of 17th parallel was controlled by Ho Chi Minh, below was pro democratic/ US government led by Dinh Diem. US promised support against attacks from the north. C. Cold War Crisis IN 1950s the US foreign policy rested on revised containment policy, Eisenhower would react to many imagined and far flung crises. He became involved in Middle East after Isreal proclaimed independace, he acknowledged them the next day. Palestinian Arabs still inside country thought of as their and would fight in frist of several wars in 1948. US had major investment in Middle East because of its oil. When prime minister of Iran began resisting presence of Western corporations, US was alarmed, they would help stage coup and elevate the Shah of Iran. When Egypt began trade with soviets, Dulles reacted by saying US would not help build Dam across Nile. Nasser, leader of Egypt reacted by taking control of suez canal from Britain. France and Britain landed forces to drive out Egypt as Israel attacked Egypt. US fearing another world war denounced the situation with the UN. US controlled much of the island of Cuba. In 1957 a resistance movement against leader Batista led by Castro made him leave country as Castro marched in and established his own government. Castro would begin taking assistance from soviet union, US would react by cutting diplomatic relations. D. Europe and the Soviet Union Eisenhower admin would meet with Soviet foreign relations in Geneva but nothing good would come out of it. Relations b/w countries would worsen when a pro-democratic Hungarian Revolution was crushed by soviets. US did not want to intervene. E. The U-2 Crisis Nikita Khrushchev, new soviet premier would suggest that they visit each other country and then in Paris to discuss Berlin. Eisenhower agreed. During the conference in Paris, new came the Soviets shot down and held the captain of a U-2 plane flying over Russian air space. Khrushchev would call off the conference. At the end of his term tensions with Soviets were even higher. In his farewell speech he warned of unwarranted influlece andand cautioned against domestic and foreign affairs. And said US should act more boldly. VII. Conclusion The 1950s was prosperous time for most of America, as people moved in larger home in the suburbs and families had more children in a post war baby boom. After Korean War, the Eisenhower administration brought calmness to the white house. Television was the largest medium of mass culture, spreading middle class images and traditional values. A resistive youth culture also emerged. Blacks escalated their efforts remove segregation with emergence of new powerful leaders and help from supreme court.

An Overview Of Victim Support Criminology Essay

An Overview Of Victim Support Criminology Essay Victim Support is the oldest victim organisation with more than 35 years of experience and also the largest worldwide. There three aims are simply to support, help cope with crime and give any sort of information to victims (Marshall, 1999). They have many charity and witness service companies within them. There are many ways in which these programmes process. It can be a victim-offender mediation process, in which the mediators discuss the crime, the aftermath and the next steps towards making things right. Conferencing meeting is the same as the victim-offender mediation except that this meeting involves the family members and community representatives as well. Victim-offender panels take place with other victims and offenders with similar crime situations and the victim assistance support victims as they go through the criminal justice process and help them recover (Marshall, 1999). National Association of the Care and Resettlement of Offenders (NACRO) is one of the most growing charities in the United Kingdom. NACRO trains up to 10,000 learners, helps approximately 20,000 people who call to enquire, assist 10,000 prisoners and work with 11,000 young people. They have about 1000 programmes which work with youths, present and ex-offenders, homeless people and many other disadvantaged groups. NACROs vision is a safer society where everyone belongs, human rights are respected and preventing crime means tackling social exclusion and re-integrating those who offend (NACRO, 1997). This charity program helps find positive alternatives to crime and reduce crime by changing lives. As well as these processes there are many other processes of restorative justice. All provide opportunities for the parties to meet, discuss what happened, the impact it had and what should take place in the future. A mediator prepares the meetings and helps both parties communicate with one an other, but the end solution is made by them only. All of these supporting mediations end with an agreement on how the offender will make amends for the harm they have caused by the crime (Marshall, 1999). In this process, four types of reparation are agreed upon. They are apology, restitution, changed behaviour and generosity. Apologies can be verbal or written. Acknowledgment, affect and vulnerability are three main parts which take place while apologising. The offending acknowledges the fact that he has committed a crime and takes responsibility for it. He also needs to accept he has caused harm to the victim and that the certain individual did not deserve to be hurt (Marshall, 1999). The offender expresses his deep feelings through words or body language and only when he feels regret or guilt will this process be effective. If the offender does feel regret, this could possibly repair and make a victim feel like a whole new person. This is not always possible as the offender may n ot be able to communicate properly even if they are feeling responsible for what has taken place (Marshall, 1999). Finally, vulnerability is in relation with both the offender and victim. The offender commits a crime because he or she has a control over the victim, but when apologising the control gets passes on to the victim. The victim has a choice to whether or not to accept the apology. Before the offender apologises, they have no idea what action the victim will take, so the offender apologizes and gives the power and control to the victim. Apology is one of the four types of reparation. The second type is restitution. Restitution is a sum of money or any other type of compensation for the damage that has been caused by the crime (Marshall, 1999). This can repair the victims damage and can be a method of holding the offender liable for the offence they have done. This is not only ordered by restorative justice mediators but also can be given by a judge. Another way to make an a mendment for the harm they have caused it to show their behaviour will change and they will not commit crimes. Some of the things which are negotiated are the change of environment, peers, and sometimes even schools. They learn new behaviours by using different types of programmes such as anger management classes, educational or drug-treatment programmes. Follow up meetings are scheduled to see the progress of change. Generosity is the last type of reparation where an offender can choose to agree upon. Its a way of showing they are deeply sorry. They agree to community service of any type chosen by the victim (Marshall, 1999). Theories of Restorative Justice There have been many criminological theories that have tried to connect with restorative justice. In 1985, Howard Zehr was the first writer to combine a theory with restorative justice in his book Changing Lenses (Zehr, 1990). He talked about all the advantages victims could receive by this justice system and also what offenders can achieve by accepting responsibility. There were many limitations of this theory as it spoke much about the private problems of the victims and offenders. Nonetheless, Zehrs work was very influential; many other theorists took his ideas and expanded. The main theory which had an impact on restorative justice was Re-integrating Shaming Theory. According to John Braithwaite, this theory summarises Crimes best controlled when members of the community are the primary controllers through active participation in shaming offenders, and, having shamed them, through concerted participation in ways of reintegrating the offender back into the community of law abiding citizens. Low crime societies are societies where communities prefer to handle their own crime problems rather than hand them over to professionals (Braithwaite, 1989). Braithwaite believes shame and punishment can be mainly achieved from the family. Family life helps us maintain relationships and teaches us to respect everyone. According to Bazemore (2007) re-integrative shaming theory does not include victim interests and justices issues which are the main components of restorative justice as a whole. Another theory which was linked to restorative justice was Matzas theory of neutralisation is (Mackay, 1998 cited in Newburn). Matza believes that one of the main reasons why offenders kept on re-offending was due to the positive image they had about what they did. Their actions need to be dismissed and told what is right and wrong. Many offenders responses are he deserved it, they can afford it, or they asked for it. Meeting with the victim makes it hard for the offender and makes them realise the harm they have caused but Marshall argues that no other criminological or justice theory can be held to underpin Restorative Justice (Marshall cited in Newburn, 2009) but some theories can associate with the different steps of Restorative Justice. Restorative Justice vs. Criminal Justice Restorative Justice differs from the contemporary criminal justice system in several ways. The key characteristics of a retributive justice are; that it views the offence against the state, keeps the victim and offender separate, accepting responsibility is not pushed, the harm caused by the offender is given back to him as revenge, focuses more on offender and victims being ignored; offender has no say in decision, offenders relationship with community are weak, the relationship between the offender and victim are not focused on, and forgiveness is not mentioned (Leung, 1999). The outcome of this is a win-lose situation, it does not offer much to our criminal justice system. For a short period of time, it might satisfy some purposes of sentencing. It does not pay much attention to reparation, rehabilitation is left as a last option, clearly shows it has not helped reduce crime by sending the offenders to prison, but the criminal justice system has fulfilled two purposes, which is pu nishing the offender itself, and protecting the public for the time being. On the other hand, the key characteristics of a restorative justice are that it views the offence against the victim and community; victims are allowed to speak up and meet the offender, encouraging responsibility, the victims needs are most essential, offender is asked to solve the problem, focuses on re-integration, and forgiveness is encouraged (Leung, 1999). At the end there is win-win result. Restitution assigns a value to the material losses suffered by the victim and requires that the wrongdoer balance the scale by paying that amount to the sufferer. Restoration, on the other hand, looks beyond the material harm to non-material disruptions, such as the loss of a sense of security or the loss of trust (Leung, 1999). Also, restitution thinks about the damage done to the victim but does not give them a chance to say how they feel by this situation. In contrast, restorative justice tries to tackle the needs of the not only the victim, but also the offender, family members, the community, and others affected by the offence (Leung, 1999). Overall, restorative justice goes beyond the fact that a law was broken, and distinguishes the harm caused by offenders to victims and communities. Giving the situation into the government does not help in any way, all parties related to the crime needed to be included as well. Both systems measure success differently. One measures it by how much punishment is given to the offender and the other measure it by how much harm is fixed. Criticisms and Limitations of Restorative Justice Nothing is perfect, everyone has flaws and weaknesses. One of the major drawbacks of restorative justice is that the system mainly relies on the co-operation of the three parties. If either of them, do not co-operate the aim of this system cannot be achieved. Due to this, the system can be a complete failure. Another limitation which takes place is that is seems to only be applicable to minor offences. Allison Morris lists three criticisms of restorative justice (Morris cited in Newburn, 2009). She believes that restorative justice erodes legal rights as in failing to protect the offenders rights. The second criticism, not only Morris but many other major critics believe that restorative justice does not succeed in making a real change and reducing crime. Thirdly and lastly, restorative justice can cause discrimination issues while the process is taking place but this mainly depends on the location. Not only Morris but many other people have criticised restorative justice. Some other limitations which have been identified are that there is no agreed definition, a sincere apology from an offender is hard to achieve, and restorative justice sometimes lives in a dreamland, it assumes that the victim can openly speak to the offender in a kind manner. This can weaken the process majorly. Many theorists believe both systems should combine their aims and ideas together, so our criminal justice system can perform better and satisfy the purposes of sentencing. Conclusion Punishment as imprisonment should be used only for dangerous offenders. This will not only make it easier for the government, but also reduce the cost and time put into prisons, which can be useful for other developments for offenders and victims. The public is not fully satisfied with the criminal justice system, it seems as they have failed in achieving the goals of fairness between the offender and victim and also by protecting the public. Restorative justice pays attention to victims needs. It ensures the victim questions have been answered and they feel happily secure. Restorative justice help offenders take responsibility and make them understand the harm they have caused. Offenders are forced to feel guilt and shame, therefore this prevents them from committing future crime. By this the community accepts the offender back and helps him/her reintegrate back into society. This process can take place in many settings such as conferencing circles or offender-victim meetings. Every person harmed by a conflict should have the opportunity to resolve it through a restorative justice (Restorative Justice Consortium, 2002). Restorative justice is not perfect but it does offer a positive approach to this world which our current criminal justice system does not. It has shown to reduce crimes within youths in schools and even adults with domestic violence and stealing problems. Many countries have taken this seriously and amended many laws. Restorative justice assures to better social justice to victims, a secure community to all and to reform the offender which will help reduce the number of future crimes. Punishment of offender, the reduction of crime, rehabilitation of offenders, the protection of the public and reparation by offenders are the five main purposes of sentencing. Restorative justice argues they can satisfy these purposes, but for this to be proven, restorative justice needs a chance. The goal of reintegrating offenders into the law-abiding community has a better chance of being achieved if both systems are employed, in a coordinated programme, rather than if we reply upon one to the exclusion of the other (Hirsch, Ashworth Roberts, 2009). A fair and just response can only be determined by these two systems. Restorative justice has many advantages and claims to satisfy the purposes of sentencing hence its weaknesses. It needs to be practised more and the systems need to work together so justice can be determined.

Slave to Man Essays -- Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

Sonnet 143 by William Shakespeare creates a patriarchal ideology constructing gender and women’s role in society supported by feminist criticism, which implements patriarchal woman, traditional gender roles, biological essentialism, othering, and sexage. By forcing women to be seen as biological creatures and/or insignificant objects with specific characteristics, a social construction is made. Instantly the typical patriarchal woman in traditional gender roles of â€Å"housewife† and â€Å"mother† is cast upon the main character in Sonnet 143. She has â€Å"internalized the norms and values of patriarchy, which can be defined, in short, as any culture that privileges men† (Tyson 85). The dark lady/mother is given the task to stay home and care for her child. She is shown as a nice wife who â€Å"runs to catch / One of her feathered creatures broke away,† taking care to watch the family bird or chicken while she â€Å"Sets down her babe, and makes all swift dispatch† (Shakespeare 143.1-3). She is given the task to chase after a bird, which seems to be in their house, showcasing she must be poor and in a lower class, making the impression that while the man is away, she is less privileged and must stay home with the child in untidy conditions. Furthering this scene is the fact that she is described as the sole caregiver to the child. â€Å"Traditional gender roles cast men as rational, strong, protective, and decisive; they cast women as emotional (irrational), weak, nurturing and submissive† which are seen in the relationships and characters of Sonnet 143 (Tyson 85). The speaker or child tries to gain attention from his mother or the dark lady. He wishes she would â€Å"play the mother’s part, kiss me, be kind† (Shakespeare 143.12). The child is acting as a d... ...ats women, whatever their role, like objects† (Tyson 91). She is nothing of value, besides pleasuring the young man; she is not even fit to be a successful mother. So the mother, who is seen as biologically the better nurturer, is therefore a bad caregiver since she has other duties that come before that of her child. Overall, the woman is showcased as obviously living a less-fulfilling life as the man, she is forced to take care of the child, abide to the speaker’s cries, and chase after the â€Å"feathered creature,† all in poor conditions, whiles the man has patriarchal control (Shakespeare 143.2). When seen as the dark lady she is nothing be a sex object, fulfilling his desires and pleasures. The speaker already has the education to write the poetry. Using his schooling, he illustrates that even though the woman holds his desire, he has power over her actions.

I am going to research how supermarkets use ICT to have an impact on :: ICT Essays

I am going to research how supermarkets use ICT to have an impact on society. Unit 12: Impact on Society My chosen area is a supermarket. I am going to research how supermarkets use ICT to have an impact on society. Since the introduction of ICT in supermarkets, everything has become much more efficient. Supermarkets have improved tremendously by using the following things in stores:  · Online Shopping  · EPOS  · EFTPOS  · Credit Cards  · Loyalty Cards  · Cash Back Question 1: Ways in which ICT is used in a supermarket are: Ø Online Shopping Online shopping is a way in which ICT is used in supermarkets. It enables the shopper to be able to buy things online. This is a quick and easy method of purchasing goods and therefore has an impact on society. [IMAGE]This affects me because is somebody in my family is unable to go to the supermarket for some reason, we just order the products online. We do this because we find it easy and also we find it helpful as products can be delivered to our home. This affects the community because more and more people will shop online because it is very simple therefore the supermarket will have more customers and therefore they will have bigger profits. If somebody is poorly, they can buy their shopping online. People can compare prices of products online and you can shop at any time you want. All the main supermarkets use online shopping. For example, Tesco and Asda. These websites allow customers to browse through all the products and they also allow the customer to compare prices of products with other supermarket prices so that you can buy the cheapest one without having to go onto other websites. Ø EPOS (Electronic point of sales) EPOS is an electronic system, which enables the supermarket to automatically deduct stock from the stock level. This also enables people to buy things quickly. People working on the checkout do not have to check for any price labels. They just scan the barcode, which gives them the price and automatically deducts the product off the stock. EPOS has an affect on me because it makes it easier and faster to scan products therefore I can be served a lot quicker. This affects the community as well because if they are happy with the service then they will keep coming back for more products. Also, supermarkets are putting local shops out of business because most people are going to supermarkets to buy their shopping. This is because the corner shops are not able to compete with supermarkets. Also, nobody is ordering milk from milkmen anymore because they just go and buy milk from a supermarket once a week. I am going to research how supermarkets use ICT to have an impact on :: ICT Essays I am going to research how supermarkets use ICT to have an impact on society. Unit 12: Impact on Society My chosen area is a supermarket. I am going to research how supermarkets use ICT to have an impact on society. Since the introduction of ICT in supermarkets, everything has become much more efficient. Supermarkets have improved tremendously by using the following things in stores:  · Online Shopping  · EPOS  · EFTPOS  · Credit Cards  · Loyalty Cards  · Cash Back Question 1: Ways in which ICT is used in a supermarket are: Ø Online Shopping Online shopping is a way in which ICT is used in supermarkets. It enables the shopper to be able to buy things online. This is a quick and easy method of purchasing goods and therefore has an impact on society. [IMAGE]This affects me because is somebody in my family is unable to go to the supermarket for some reason, we just order the products online. We do this because we find it easy and also we find it helpful as products can be delivered to our home. This affects the community because more and more people will shop online because it is very simple therefore the supermarket will have more customers and therefore they will have bigger profits. If somebody is poorly, they can buy their shopping online. People can compare prices of products online and you can shop at any time you want. All the main supermarkets use online shopping. For example, Tesco and Asda. These websites allow customers to browse through all the products and they also allow the customer to compare prices of products with other supermarket prices so that you can buy the cheapest one without having to go onto other websites. Ø EPOS (Electronic point of sales) EPOS is an electronic system, which enables the supermarket to automatically deduct stock from the stock level. This also enables people to buy things quickly. People working on the checkout do not have to check for any price labels. They just scan the barcode, which gives them the price and automatically deducts the product off the stock. EPOS has an affect on me because it makes it easier and faster to scan products therefore I can be served a lot quicker. This affects the community as well because if they are happy with the service then they will keep coming back for more products. Also, supermarkets are putting local shops out of business because most people are going to supermarkets to buy their shopping. This is because the corner shops are not able to compete with supermarkets. Also, nobody is ordering milk from milkmen anymore because they just go and buy milk from a supermarket once a week.

Review Of The Red Lantern :: essays research papers

There are some movies about lifestyles in China and then there is “Raise the Red Lantern.'; The film parallels “The Last Emperor'; in how a master controls his subjects within his domain. Out of all the Chinese movies that I have extensively viewed, this was the only one that actually, and effectively, captures the lush background of life during this time period.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The film entirely takes place on the grounds of a wealthy master whose only chore seems to be deciding which one of his four wives to sleep with on a given night. In viewing the movie, we are forced to feel sympathetic to the fourth mistress. She was the youngest among the other three who arrives at the estate after studying at the university. Cherished memories of her life before arriving there were ultimately destroyed. In one instance, the master burned the fourth mistress’s flute that her deceased father gave to her. The film evokes feelings of sorrow and disgust, but it manages to fill in humorous bits that alleviate the tense mood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The film revolves around the master’s polygamist lifestyle and his utter dominance over his wives. When one mistress was good to him, he would decide to sleep with her that night. At the beginning of the film you get the notion that the forth mistress doesn’t want to sleep with the master, but that changes as the film goes on. Sleeping with the master that night meant the lanterns outside your room were lit up and, an added incentive, was being able to get a foot massage that night. The massage seemed to be the most rewarding part of being at the estate. The master’s decision of who to sleep with that night evoked jealousy between the “sisters.'; This increased the excitement of the movie and led to the main struggle between the fourth mistress and the three other women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fourth mistress’s anger and lack of control creates hostility in the household. Her behavior creates a downward spiral, which leads to the deaths of two important characters.

Corporate Social Responsibility in Banks

Corporate Social Responsibility in Banks S. Kavitha[1] Abstract Corporate social responsibility stands for business contribution to sustainable development and covers company’s active participation in different fields, human rights, human resources, relations with clients, suppliers, and other stake holders, corporate governance, environment and contribution to community and society. The social responsible attitude is integral part of the identity of financial institutions like banks, and it is one of their distinctive features. The Reserve Bank of India has asked the banks to pay special attention towards integration of social and environmental concerns in their business operations. Many of the newly formed private and foreign banks are aware of the importance of such a step and therefore are having an active CSR department in their banks. This paper is an attempt to explain the concept of corporate social responsibility and the different CSR practices followed by banks in India. Key Words: CSR – Corporate Social Responsibility, Friedman’s View, Carroll’s View, Discretionary Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility in Banks S. Kavitha[2] Introduction Corporate social responsibility stands for business contribution to sustainable development and covers company’s active participation in different fields, human rights, human resources, relations with clients, suppliers, and other stake holders, corporate governance, environment and contribution to community and society. The concept of social responsibility proposes that a private corporation has responsibilities to society that extend beyond making profit. Social responsibility is the way of life for most business organizations. It enables all such activities ranging from providing safe products and service to giving a portion of company’s profit to welfare organization. The social responsible attitude is integral part of the identity of financial institutions like banks, and it is one of their distinctive features. The Reserve Bank of India has asked the banks to pay special attention towards integration of social and environmental concerns in their business operations. Many of the newly formed private and foreign banks are aware of the importance of such a step and therefore are having an active CSR department in their banks. Concept of Social Responsibility: Corporate social responsibility is the sense of obligation on the part of companies to build social criteria in to their strategic decision-making. The concept implies that when companies evaluate decision from an critical perspective there should be presumption in favor of adopting course of action that enhance the welfare of society at large. The goals selected might be quite specific. To enhance the welfare of communities in which company is based. – To improve the environment – To empower employees to give them a sense of self worth. Different views on social responsibility Friedman’s Traditional View of Business Responsibility Urging a return to a laissez-faire worldwide economy with a minimum of government regulations, Friedman argues against the concept of social re sponsibility. Adam Smith and Milton Friedman, economists, according to them the only responsibility of business is to perform its economic functions efficiently and provide goods and services for society and earn maximum profits. By doing so business performs its economic functions and leaves the social functions to other institutions of society, such as the government. A businessperson who acts responsibly by cutting the price of the firm’s product to prevent inflation or by making expenditures to reduce pollution, or by hiring the hard-core unemployed, according to Friedman, is spending the shareholder’s money for general interest. Even if businessperson has shareholder permission or encouragement to do so, he or she is still acting from motives other than economic, in the long run; it may harm the society the firm is trying to help. Friedman referred o the social responsibility of business as ‘fundamentally subversive doctrine’ and stated that â€Å"There is one and only one social responsibility of business, to use its resources engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception of fraud. But this view is severely criticized on several grounds. On the other extreme, there is opposite view, which favors the position that it is imperative for businesses to be socially responsible. This is based on the argument that business organizations are a part of society and have to serve primarily societal interests rather than narrow economic objectives such as profit maximization. In doing so they have to deal with social concerns and issues and have to allocate resources for solving social problems. Carroll’s four responsibilities of business. Archie Carroll proposes that the managers of business organizations have four responsibilities Economic Responsibilities Economic responsibilities of a business organization’s management are to produce goods and services of value to society so that the firm can repay for its creditors and shareholders. Legal Responsibilities Legal responsibilities are defined by governments in laws that management is expected to obey. For eg, U. S. business firms are required to hire and promote people based on their credentials rather then to discriminate based on non-job-related characteristics such as race, gender or religion. Ethical Responsibilities Ethical responsibilities of an organization’s management are to ollow the generally held beliefs about behavior in a society. E. g. , Society generally expects firms to work with the employees and the community is planning for layoffs, even though no law may require this. The affected people can get very upset if an organization’s management fails to act according to generally prevailing ethical values. Discretionary Responsibilities Discretionary responsibilities are the purely voluntary obligations a corporation assumes. Examples are philanthropic contributions, training the hard-core unemployed, and providing day care centers. The difference between ethical and discretionary responsibilities is that few people expect an organization to fulfill discretionary responsibilities, whereas many expect an organization to fulfill ethical ones. Carroll lists these four responsibilities in order of priority. Social responsibility includes both ethical and discretionary but not economic and legal responsibilities. A firm can fulfill its ethical responsibilities by taking actions that society tends to value but has not yet put into law. When ethical responsibilities are satisfied, a firm can focus on discretionary responsibilities. The discretionary responsibilities of today can become the ethical responsibilities of tomorrow. E. g. , Provision of day care facilities, is moving rapidly from being discretionary to ethical responsibility. Benefits received from being socially responsible 1. Being known as a socially responsible firm may provide a company a competitive advantage. Programs to reduce pollution can actually reduce waste and maximize resource productivity. 2. Their environment concerns may enable them to charge premium prices and gain brand loyalty. (Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Inc. ) 3. Their trustworthiness may help them generate enduring relationships with suppliers and distributors without needing to spend a lot of time and money policing contracts. (Maytag) 4. They can attract outstanding employees who prefer working for a responsible firm (Procter & Gamble) 5. They are more likely to be welcomed into foreign country (Levi Strauss) 6. They can utilize the goodwill of public officials for support in difficult times (e. . Minnesota supported Dayton-Hudson’s fight to avoid being acquired by Dart Industries of Maryland) 7. They are more likely to attract capital infusions from investors who view reputable companies as desirable long-term investments (Rubbermaid). CSR in India India has been named among the top ten Asian countries who are paying an increasing importance towards corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure nor ms, a survey says. According to social enterprise CSR Asia’s Asian Sustainability Ranking (ASR), India was ranked fourth in the list, which was topped by Australia. The other countries in the list include China (second), Hong Kong (Third), Japan (fifth), Malaysia (sixth), Pakistan (seventh), Philippines (eighth), Singapore (ninth) and Thailand (tenth). The 2009 ASR list was dominated by Australian companies, with eight out of the top ten companies analysed coming from there, followed by India, the survey said. However, the report further said although there are increasing levels of disclosure in the Asian region, it still is generally poor compared with Europe and North America. In India we find surprisingly high levels of disclosure, particularly from large companies with recognised brands such as Tata and Infosys. Leading oil companies (such as ONGC and the Indian Oil Corporation) also have reasonable levels of disclosure,† the report said. CSR initiatives in banks The benefits of CSR for companies include increased profit, customer loyalty, trust, positive brand attitude and combating negative publicity. CSR strategies have been embrace d by the international banking community. 0 Major international private banks have signed the Equator Principles agreement which supports socially responsible development. (Eg of such banks are Citigroup, JPMorgan, Bank of America, ABN Amro, Barclays, HSBC and ING). Research suggests that dissatisfaction is the major reason why customers switch banks this arises mainly because of rising fee. Normally to get more favorable price, customers try to switch banks. Most of the customers have accounts in more than one bank so they find it very easy to compare the services and accordingly they do their transactions. So, customer turnover has become an important issue for the banks. The customer loss may have an adverse effect on bank market share and profit. So if the banks concentrate more on CSR and spent more for this that will create a good image for the banks which in turn will bring many new customers to the banks and also the customer loss can be reduced. RBI guidelines on CSR The Reserve Bank of India is now rooting for environment conservation and fair social practices. The central bank has asked banks to put in place a suitable and appropriate plan of action towards helping the cause of ‘sustainable development’, with the approval of their boards. Spurred on by the worldwide momentum in sustainable development and the initiative being taken on various fronts by different organisations, including all major banks globally, Indian banks have been encouraged to actively look at corporate social responsibility, sustainable development and non-financial reporting. Among banks in India, ABN Amro Bank was the first to put out a ‘sustainability report’ recently. It includes key indicators on the bank and its subsidiaries’ environmental (like paper, water and electricity usage) and social governance performance. Other companies, which issue sustainability reports, include ITC, Tata Tea, Dr Reddy’s and Reliance. Sustainable development essentially refers to the process of maintenance of the quality of environmental and social systems in the pursuit of economic development. Non-financial reporting is basically a system of reporting by organisations on their activities, which includes environmental, social and economic accounting. Best CSR practices in Banks – Some Examples SBI – State Bank of India Apart from the normal banking operations, the Bank, as a responsible and responsive corporate citizen, seeks to reinvest part of its profit in various community welfare projects to improve the quality of life of the poor, neglected, weaker and downtrodden sections of society. In the financial year 2007-08, the Bank made donations aggregating Rs. . 11 crore to various Relief Funds and also to NGOs / Trusts / Societies for their projects with social orientation. In recognition of its contribution to Rural Community Development, the Bank was awarded the prestigious Reader’s Digest Pegasus Corporate Social Responsibilities Award 2007. Infact, it was the only Bank to have received this recognition. Under a new scheme named ‘Adoption of t he Girl Child’ over 8,300 poor girl children have been adopted by various branches throughout the country to meet their personal and educational expenses. This is not merely a financial assistance scheme but offers emotional and psychological support to the ‘adopted girls’ due to the active involvement and care of the SBI Ladies Clubs. From the Research and Development Fund, the Bank has so far extended Rs. 6. 61 crore as research grants to 71 chairs / research projects at various Universities and Academic institutions. For the current year SBI has extended 100000 Sterling Pounds to London School of Economics for establishing an India Observatory and I. G. Patel Chair at their Asia Research Centre in participation with RBI. ICICI Foundation An example for CSR practices by banks is the ICICI foundation. ICICI Bank runs a very active and well known foundation in India but there is no clearly visible link of the ICICI Foundation on the website. ICICI is also very active in its support of government programs to improve the livelihoods of people. ICICI Bank has joined hands with NGOs to reach out to children in ten states helping them have better access to education Standard Chartered Bank The HIV/AIDS pandemic is a global challenge faced by Standard Chartered as a business. In different developing countries HIV has a significant impact and they respond to this programme through Living with HIV programme, , a global policy aimed at protecting basic human rights, promoting the health of their employees and keeping the business costs associated with HIV/AIDS to a minimum. The programme is well established and focuses on the following areas: †¢Raising awareness with their employees through training Educating local people about the prevention and treatment of HIV †¢Strengthening their position as thought leaders in HIV/AIDS †¢Sharing their knowledge with other organisations Standard Chartered, which happens to be one of the country’s largest international banks, is involved in real partnerships with local community organisations, involving active participation of its employees in their community projects. It is the human face of banks. Or what is call ed corporate social responsibility, the new term devised for the social service that companies do with some of their profits. The global community programme of the bank is called ‘Believing in Life’. Part of this is the internal initiative ‘Living with HIV’. An extension of the programme in Africa, it seeks to create awareness about this deadly disease and thus help prevention by educating all its staff across the different countries from where the bank operates. Banks like HDFC, SBI, ICICI, HDFC, Standard Chartered Bank are now active in a host of areas including primary education, women empowerment, rehabilitation of poor, and aged environmental issues Future of CSR The Corporate Social Responsibility has increased in importance around the world. The world becomes a global village in the information technology era. Sharing and accessing of information become very easy. All big companies are expanding their business opportunities all over the world. Simultaneously the CSR activities also expanding speedily where company initiatives started. Now these days every company feels CSR is unavoidable and responsible thing. Moreover companies allocating separate budget and deploying professionals for CSR initiatives. It shows that it is emerging as a powerful thing in social development sector. The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is high on every corporate agenda. Social commitment is an essential part of every company. Corporate social responsibility involves the aspiration to make a positive contribution to the progress of the company and society. If a company initiates CSR wing the company concerned need to work hard consequently on a formal, coherent and transparent policy in this field. Then only the CSR will become a potential area for development of the society. Conclusion The rapid information technology innovations are changing the face of Corporate Social Responsibility. The concept of CSR is still debatable in democratic countries. There is a major criticism in all over the world is corporate companies are utilizing this concept to build their business expansion. Through this concept corporate companies are liaison and lobbying with higher bureaucracy in the government to get permissions/licenses to their companies easily. Many companies are getting tax exemptions by carrying out these social development activities. The increased awareness of CSR has also come about as a result of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, in which a major goal is the increased contribution of assistance from large organizations, especially Multi-National Corporations, to help alleviate poverty and hunger, and for businesses to be more aware of their impact on society. There is a lot of potential for CSR to help with development in poor countries, especially community-based initiatives. CSR can be very much useful for the financial institutions like banks to get good reputation in the society. Banks should do the CSR activities to the fullest benefit to the society and not just for the sake of doing it. References Sen, S. , Bhattacharya, C. B. , Korshun, D. (2006), â€Å"The role of corporate social responsibility in strengthening multiple stakeholder relationships: a field experiment†, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 34 pp. 158-66. Bhattacharya, C. B. , Sankar Sen and Daniel Korschun (2008), â€Å"Using Corporate Social Responsibility to Win the War for Talent,† MIT Sloan Management Review, 49 (2), 37-44; â€Å"The Good Company†, The Economist (2005-01-20). Retrieved on 2008-25-07 Financial Express, Wednesday, Oct 28, 2009 at 1541 hrs IST http://www. karmayog. org/csr501to1000/csr501to1000_21878. htm http://www. csbanking. com. au/ http://economictmes. indiatimes. com/News http://www. deccanherald. com/deccanherald/july202004/spt9. asp; http://www. financialexpress. com/fe_full_story. php ———————– [1] S. Kavitha, MBA,MCA. ,MPhil. ,NET. , Asst. Prof, MBA, Vivekanandha Institute of Information & Management Studies, Tiruchengode, Namakkal Dt. , – 637 205, Research Scholar, Anna University, Coimbatore Phone:99421-60277, email: [email  protected] om [2] S. Kavitha, MBA,MCA. ,MPhil. ,NET. , Asst. Prof, MBA, Vivekanandha Institute of Information & Management Studies, Tiruchengode, Namakkal Dt. , – 637 205, Research Scholar, Anna University, Coimbatore Phone:99421-60277, email: [email  protected] com ———————– Economi c Legal Ethical Discretionary (Must do) (Have to do) (Should do) (Might do) Social responsibilities